According to the literature, the main sources of vibration in a heat exchanger are vortex shedding, acoustical resonance, turbulent buffeting and fluid-elastic instability. In other instances, heat exchanger tubes tend to vibrate under the influence of crossflow velocities.Continue Reading

Acoustic protection is the application of soft and porous material to protect individuals against undesirable sounds and noises.Continue Reading

The acoustic system refers to sound, the sense of hearing, and sound waves of pressure travelling through air or other gases. Sound is acoustic energy in the audible range, i.e. acoustic energy capable of being heard.Continue Reading

The AIV Study aims to identify all piping sections downstream of the pressure-reducing valves (i.e. relief valves, blowdown valves, restriction orifices and control valves) which have the potential for AIV.Continue Reading

Acoustic-Induced Vibration (AIV) and Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV) are vibration phenomena that can cause fatigue failure in piping systems induced by acoustic phenomena and fluid flows.Continue Reading

Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV) is the result of turbulence in the process fluid, which occurs due to major flow discontinuities such as bends, tees, reducer, partially closed valves, branch connections and small-bore connections.Continue Reading

AIV cannot be stopped but it can be mitigated by the following recommendations: Using a higher pipe schedule or lowering the D/t ratio. Decreasing the flow velocity by increasing pipe diameter. By using noise trim which can be reduced by 15dB.Continue Reading

Acoustic Induced Vibration (AIV) refers to structural vibration in a piping system with vapour flow excited by intense acoustic pressure.Continue Reading

FMEDA, which stands for Failure Modes Effects and Diagnostic Analysis, is the methodology undertaken for the determination of failure causes and their impact on the systems which are applied in the early phases of system development very efficiently to help in the detection of weak points or flaws present in the system.Continue Reading

For info only – HARA is hazard analysis and risk assessment that is traditionally performed by the safety team and does not consider the impact of security incidents. TARA is a threat analysis and risk assessment that’s performed to evaluate the risk associated with security incidents. TARA does not consider functional safety aspects.Continue Reading