A map of the space showing all doors and windows, and the escape routes leading to the safe space for all occupants to gather.Continue Reading

Brainstorm a list of emergency scenarios where evacuation is necessary and visualise the evacuation process from noticing the emergency event, taking action and evacuation time, taking into consideration of the elderly and disabled people.Continue Reading

A safe route (horizontal and vertical) for people to travel from any location in the building or structure to a safe place, without the need for outside assistance.Continue Reading

Fire demand is given by the formula, Q = 100 X sqrt(p) where: P = population in thousands Q = water demand in kiloliters.Continue Reading

Average daily demand (q) = Px where: P= Population, x = water in lpcd 1. Maximum Daily Demand (MDD) = Q = 1.8q 2. Maximum Hourly Demand ( MHD) = Q = 1.5MDD = 2.7qContinue Reading

The water required for unexpected fire accidents and undesirable situations with fire is already designed during the water demand planning system. The demand is calculated based on empirical formulas. For all the formulas given below, Q is the discharge calculated in litres per minute and P is the population measured in thousands. 1. Kuichling’s Formula...Continue Reading

The water demand is measured in lpcd i.e. litres per capita per day. Per capita here represents per person. Hence, lpcd is the amount of water required per person per day in litres. Lpcd is calculated by the formula below: 1 lpcd = [Total Yearly Consumption or Population ]/ [ 360 x Design Population]Continue Reading

The volume of a rectangle tank = LxWxH The volume of a cylindrical tank = pi x r^2 x h The volume of the holding vessel times the density of water expressed in gallons per cubic foot (7.48 gal/cu) will give the fire water capacity.Continue Reading

The firewater deluge demand is then calculated as Q = A × W where: Q=Flow required to protect the exposure area of the vessel (l/min) A= Exposed surface area (m^2) W=Application rate for exposure cooling (l/min/m^2)Continue Reading

The firewater demand calculation is carried out to determine the quantity of firewater required for a firewater system to provide sufficient demand for firefighting and exposure protection within a facility.Continue Reading